Minimize building hazards beginning with design
The role of the engineer either as a designer or construction manager
generally provides the best opportunity to identify the hazards that cause
injury or damage. Part of this task includes ensuring for design features and
modifications that will minimize hazardous conditions during construction and
life of the structure. Identifying the hazards that most commonly endanger the
users during the life cycle of the building facility is the primary objective of
this book. This objective is accomplished by instructing the engineer how to
sidestep these hazards at the time of design and construction. This book delves
into the cause of many hazards common to construction, including fire,
maintenance, mold, structural failure, and operational conditions. It gives details on how to minimize or avoid these conditions, reducing the possibility of injury
and damage.
Comprehensively organized from the “ground up”, this book covers all
phases of any major building project. Part One addresses the concepts of hazard,
liability, and ways system safety engineering works to overcome human error.
Part Two covers possible hazards encountered in both interior and exterior
construction plans and offers ways to eliminate them before any construction
begins. Part Three covers safe construction techniques to minimize unavoidable
hazards, while Part Four extends into the post-construction life of the building
and outlines optimal safe practices for the user/occupant. 599 pp.
Topics include:
- Ground Rules
- System Safety Engineering
- Regulatory Agencies
- Design Basics
- Construction Management
- Public Relations
- Electricity, Appliances, Dryers, Heating Elements, Circuits
- Fences, Banisters, Balconies, and Handrails
- Falling Objects
- Fire Protection
- Sidewalks, Parking Lots and Parking Garages
- Stairs, Steps, Ledges, Staircase and Single Steps
- Ramps
- Doors, Windows and Glass
- Chairs and Furniture
- Ceiling Heights, Signs, Protruding Objects and Head Clearance
- Lighting and Emergency Lighting
- Elevators, Automatic Doors, Revolving Doors and Escalators
- Maintenance-Snow, Ice, Grease, Oil and Floor Cleaning
- Ice Guards and Roof Drains and Site Drainage
- Stadiums and Bleachers
- Street Grates and Parking Curbs, Single Steps
- Playgrounds and Swimming Pools
- Gases
- Mold
Building Design and Construction Hazards - Table of Contents:
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Foreword
- Preface
- Part I, Ground Rules
- Nature of Hazards Theory of Hazard Prevention
- Introduction
- Hazard Definition
- Types of Hazards
- A. Natural environment
- B. Mechanical
- C. Electrical
- D. Chemical
- E. Radiant energy
- F. Biological
- G. Artificial intelligence
- Management Dysfunctions that Accommodate Hazards
- Hazards and the Law
- Endnotes
- System Safety Engineering
- Introduction
- Illustration of a Systems Approach
- A. Evolution of system safety
- B. Feasibility of system safety
- Environmental Concerns
- Mathematical Analyses of System Safety
- Reliability and Fault Tree Sequence
- System Safety Standards
- The Future of Safety
- Endnotes
- Additional Reading
- Premise Liability
- Introduction
- Code References
- Regulatory Agencies
- Introduction
- Engineer Responsibilities
- Code References
- Human Characteristics
- Introduction
- Technical Data on People
- A. Depth perception
- B. Hearing perception
- C. The human response process
- D. Memory
- E. Visual reception
- F. Visual acuity
- G. Peripheral vision
- H. Pedestrian characteristics
- I. What constitutes a handicapped person
- J. Code references and industry standards
- Noise
- A. What are the chances of injury or death?
- B. Noise levels
- C. How noise injuries can be prevented
- D. Engineering controls
- E. Administrative controls
- F. History
- G. Code references and industry standards
- Dust
- A. A human tragedy
- B. What are the chances of injury or death?
- C. Why dust hazards continue to occur
- D. How dust hazards can be prevented
- E. History
- F. Code references and industry standards
- Endnotes
- Part II, Design Basic, Section A, Interior
- Means of Egress
- Introduction
- A. Case in point
- B. Code references and industry standards
- Slips and Falls on Floor Surfaces
- A. Introduction
- B. Case in point
- C. Foot physiology
- D. Code references and industry standards
- Trips and Falls
- A. Introduction
- B. Case in point
- C. Code references and industry standards
- Endnotes
- Stairs, Steps, Ledges and Staircases
- Introduction
- Single Steps
- Case in Point
- Code References and Industry Standards
- Ramps
- Introduction
- Case in Point
- Code References and Industry Standards
- Doors, Windows and Glass
- Introduction
- Allowable Glazing Materials
- A. Laminated glass
- B. Wired glass
- C. Annealed glass
- D. Heat-strengthened glass
- E. Tempered glass
- Case in Point
- Code References and Industry Standards
- Chairs and Furniture
- Chairs and Furniture
- A. Introduction
- B. Case in point
- C. Code references and industry standards
- Bathrooms, Showers and Vanities
- A. Introduction
- B. Case in point
- C. Code references and industry standards
- Ceiling Heights, Signs, Protruding Objects and
Head Clearance Awnings
- Introduction
- Case in Point
- Code References and Industry Standards
- Electricity, Appliances, Kerosene Heaters,
Heating Elements and Circuits
- Introduction
- A. Cases in point
- B. What are the chances of injury or death?
- C. Why electrocutions still occur
- D. How secondary power hazards can be prevented
- E. History
- F. Code references and industry standards
- Electric-Arc Welding
- A. Typical occurrences
- B. What are the chances of injury or death?
- C. Why arc-welding is dangerous
- D. Case in point
- E. Regulations
- F. Code references and industry standards
- Fences, Banisters, Balconies and Handrails
- Introduction
- Case in Point
- Code References and Industry Standards
- Lighting and Emergency Lighting
- Introduction
- Case in Point
- Code References and Industry Standards
- Sight Distance, Size, Contrast, Color and Light
- Introduction
- Examples
- Code References and Industry Standards
- Elevators, Automatic Doors, Revolving Doors, Escalators and Conveyors
- Introduction
- Conveyors
- A. Typical occurrences
- B. What are the chances of injury or damage?
- C. Why do we have so many injuries, product losses and down time from conveyors?
- D. How can injury and damage be prevented?
- E. History
- F. Code references and industry standards
- G. Representative litigation
- Examples
- A. Code references and industry standards
- Falling Objects
- Introduction
- Cases in Point
- Chance of Injury or Death
- A. Introduction
- B. Why it keeps occurring
- C. Injury prevention
- History
- Code References and Industry Standards
- Patents
- Representative Litigation
- Gases
- Carbon Monoxide
- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
- What are the Chances of Injury or Death?
- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Continues to Occur
- How Carbon Monoxide can be Controlled?
- History
- Code References and Industry Standards
- Representative Litigation
- Mold
- Introduction
- Code References
- Fires, Fire Safety, Explosions and Smoke Detectors
- Introduction
- Fire Prevention
- A. Causes of fire
- B. Case in point
- C. What are the chances of injury or death?
- D. How fires can be prevented
- Fire Protection System Hazards
- A. Carbon dioxide
- B. Dry chemicals
- C. Halon
- D. Sprinkler and other water systems
- E. Sources of ignition
- F. Cause of fires
- History
- Code References and Industry Standards
- Representative Litigation
- Endnotes
- Section B, Exterior
- Sidewalks, Parking Lots and Parking Garages
- Introduction
- Case in Point
- Code References and Industry Standards
- Maintenance-Snow, Ice, Grease, Oil and Floor Cleaning
- Introduction
- Case in Point
- Code References
- Ice Guards and Roof Drains, and Site Drainage
- Introduction
- Case in Point
- Code References
- Stadiums, Grandstands and Bleachers
- Introduction
- Case in Point
- Code References and Industry Standards
- Street Grates, Open Grid Floors and Joints in Walking Surfaces
- Introduction
- Case in Point
- Code References and Industry Standards
- Playgrounds and Swimming Pools
- Playgrounds
- Swimming Pools
- Case in Point
- Code References and Industry Standards
- Part III, Construction
- Construction In Occupied Buildings
- Construction Management
- A. Cases in point
- B. What are the chances of injury or death when a CM fails to address safety?
- C. Why is poor contract management becoming a significant factor in workplace injury?
- D. How can contract operations be made safe?
- E. History
- F. Code references and industry standards
- G. Representative litigation
- Unsafe Equipment Control Systems
- A. Dangerous occurrences
- B. What are the chances of injury or death?
- C. Why unsafe control systems exist
- D. How injury can be prevented
- E. History
- F. Code references and industry standards
- G. Representative litigation
- H. Back to the future
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- Mobile Equipment
- Large Truck Hazards
- A. Case in point
- B. Dangerous situations
- C. What are the chances of injury or death?
- D. Why are so many crashes occurring?
- E. How can heavy truck and car crashes be prevented?
- F. History
- G. Observations
- H. Code references and industry standards
- Forklift
- A. Cases in point
- B. What are the chances of injury or death?
- C. Why injury or death occurs
- D. How it can be prevented
- E. Code references and industry standards
- F. Patents
- G. Representative litigation
- H. Observations
- Blind Zones on Moving Equipment
- A. Cases in point
- B. What are the chances of injury or death?
- C. Why are people caught in blind zones?
- D. How blind zones can be prevented
- E. Other hazard prevention measures
- F. Code references and industry standards
- G. Patents
- Unsafe Equipment Control Systems
- A. Dangerous occurrences
- B. What are the chances of injury or death?
- C. Why unsafe control systems exist
- D. How injury can be prevented
- E. History
- F. Code references and industry standards
- Endnotes
- Construction Methods
- Wood Frame Construction
- A. Why construction of wood frame buildings results in high injury rates
- B. How can wood frame construction injuries be prevented?
- C. Code references and industry standards
- D. Case in point
- E. Product safety
- F. Alternatives to regulation
- Concrete Formwork
- A. Discussion
- B. Case in point
- C. What are the chances of injury and death
- D. Why falls from elevations occur on concrete formwork
- E. How falls can be prevented
- F. Code references and industry standards
- G. Representative litigation
- Steel Erection
- A. Type occurrences
- B. What are chances of injury or death?
- C. Why injuries continue to occur
- D. How injuries can be prevented
- E. History
- F. Code references and industry standards
- G. Cases in point
- H. Legislation
- Masonry Failure Hazards
- A. Typical occurrences of human tragedy
- B. What are the chances of injury or death?
- C. Why masonry injures and failures occur
- D. How masonry injuries and can be prevented
- E. History
- F. Code references and industry standards
- G. Representative litigation
- H. Building cladding
- Ladders, Scaffoldings and Platforms
- Introduction
- Ladders
- A. Typical occurrences
- B. What are the chances of injury and death from ladders?
- C. Why injuries continue to occur
- D. How can ladder injuries be prevented?
- E. History
- F. Code references and industry standards
- G. Representative litigation
- Scaffolding
- Access and Work Platforms
- Fall Prevention vs. Fall Protection
- A. Tragic situations
- B. What are the chances of injury or death?
- C. Where fatal falls most often occur
- D. Why fatal falls keep occurring
- E. How to be protected from falls from an elevation
- F. History
- G. Code references and industry standards
- H. Representative litigation
- I. What's new in the industry?
- J. Times have changed
- How to Ensure Safe Access and Working Locations
- A. History
- B. Code references and industry standards
- C. Representative litigation
- Endnotes
- Confined Spaces, Manholes, Tanks and Attics
- Introduction
- Confined Spaces
- A. What is a confined space?
- B. Typical occurrence
- C. What are the chances of injury or death?
- D. History
- E. Pre-entry check list for confined space safety
- F. Atmospheric hazards
- G. Code references and industry standards
- H. Representative literature
- I. Case in point
- Trenching
- A. Tragic occurrences
- B. What are the chances of injury or death?
- C. Why trench collapse occurs
- D. Other associated hazards
- E. How trenching injuries and death can be prevented
- F. Trench boxes
- G. The history of trenching hazards
- H. Code references and industry standards
- I. Representative litigation
- Hazard Isolation
- A. Procedures for controlled entry,
lockout/tagout and permits
- B. What are the chances of injury or death?
- C. Why isolation of dangerous energy is sometimes overlooked
- D. How controlled entry,
lockout/tagout and permits can save lives
- E. Code references and industry standards
- Endnotes
- Cranes, Hoist, Blocking and Rigging
- Crane Upsets
- A. Typical occurrences
- B. What are the chances of injury or death?
- C. Why crane upsets keep happening
- D. How crane upset can be prevented
- E. Code references and industry standards
- F. Patents
- Equipment Powerline Contact
- A. What are the chances of injury or death?
- B. Why powerline contacts keep
occurring
- C. How powerline contact can be prevented
- D. Code references and industry standards
- Killer Hooks
- A. Typical occurrences of human tragedy
- B. What are the chances of injury or death?
- C. Why hooks failures happen
- D. How load loss can be prevented
- E. Recap of important safety tips:
- F. History
- G. Code references and industry standards
- Crane Two-Blocking Hazard
- A. Human tragedy
- B. What are the chances of injury or death?
- C. Why two-blocking keeps occurring
- D. How two-blocking can be prevented
- E. History
- F. Code references and industry standards
- Part IV, The User/Occupant
- Moving Parts of Machinery
- Introduction
- Case In Point
- What are the Chances of Injury or Death?
- A. Why it keeps occurring
- B. Mechanical hazards
- C. Hazardous motions and actions
- How Injury Can be Prevented
- A. Requirements for safeguards
- Types of Machine Guards
- A. Fixed guard
- B. Point-of-operation guard
- C. Automatic and interlocking guards
- D. Self-adjusting guards
- E. Other guarding
- F. Guarding during maintenance
- History
- Code References and Industry Standards
- Patents
- Representative Litigation
- Lessons Learned
- Operational Manuals and User Training
- About the Authors
- Index
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