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The performance of reinforced concrete structures depends on adequate bond strength between concrete and reinforcing steel. This report describes bond and development of straight reinforcing bars under tensile load. Bond behavior and the factors affecting bond are discussed, including concrete cover and bar spacing, bar size, transverse reinforcement, bar geometry, concrete properties, steel stress and yield strength, bar surface condition, bar casting position, development and splice length, distance between spliced bars, and concrete consolidation. Descriptive equations and design provisions for development and splice strength are presented and compared using a large database of test results. The contents of the database are summarized, and a protocol for bond tests is presented.
Test data and reliability analyses demonstrate that, for compressive strengths up to at least 16,000 psi (110 MPa), the contribution of concrete strength to bond is best represented by the compressive strength to the 1/4 power, while the contribution of concrete to the added bond strength provided by transverse reinforcement is best represented by compressive strength to a power between 3/4 and 1.0. The lower value is used in proposed design equations. These values are in contrast with the square root of compressive strength, which normally is used in both descriptive and design expressions. Provisions for bond in ACI 318-02 are shown to be unconservative in some instances; specifically, the 0.8 bar size factor for smaller bars should not be used and a f-factor for bond is needed to provide a consistent level of reliability against bond failure. Descriptive equations and design procedures developed by Committee 408 that provide improved levels of reliability, safety, and economy are presented. The ACI Committee 408 design procedures do not require the use of the 1.3 factor for Class B splices that is required by ACI 318. 49 pp.
Bond and Development of Straight Reinforcing Bars in Tension - Table of Contents:
Preface
Bond behavior
Bond forces-background
Test specimens
Details of bond response
Notation
Factors affecting bond
Structural characteristics
Bar properties
Concrete properties
Summary
Descriptive equations
Orangun, Jirsa, and Breen
Darwin et al.
Zuo and Darwin
Esfahani and Rangan
ACI Committee 408
Comparisons
Design provisions
ACI 318
ACI 408.3
Recommendations by ACI Committee 408
CEB-FIP Model Code
Structural reliability and comparison of design expressions
Database
Bar stresses
Database
Test protocol
Reported properties of reinforcement
Concrete properties
Specimen properties
Details of test
Analysis method
Relative rib area
References
Referenced standards and reports
Cited references
Appendix A-SI equations
ACI - Bond and Development of Straight Reinforcing Bars in Tension
ACI - Bond and Development of Straight Reinforcing Bars in Tension
